Assessment of Frontline Demonstration on Rice Production in Telangana

Background: Rice is a major cereal crop and a staple food for more than half of the world’s population. Frontline demonstrations on rice with improved rice varieties, production and protection technologies were organized to increase crop productivity and profitability of farmers. Methods: Frontline demonstrations (FLD) on rice with recently released short-duration varieties, RNR 15048 and KNM 118 and proven technologies in crop production and crop protection were conducted on farmer’s fields by Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Kampasagar, PJTSAU, Nalgonda, Telangana during the kharif seasons of 2017-2019. Result: Higher mean yield (6314.0 kg ha -1 ) was obtained in improved varieties RNR 15048 and KNM 118 with the latest agro-technologies such as seed treatment with carbendazim @ 1g lt -1 of water, seed rate @ 62.5 kg ha -1 , application of carbofuran 3G in rice nursery, recommended dose of fertilizers in the main field, need-based plant protection practices such as formation of alleyways, installation of pheromone traps at 25 DAT, application of carbofuran 3G @ 25 kg ha -1 , spraying of Pymetrozine @ 250 g ha -1 to control brown plant hopper in rice against the local check MTU 1010 (5823.0 kg ha -1 ) in the farmers’ practice and on an average 8.3% superiority was observed over the farmer’s practice. Yield contributing traits like plant height (85.3 cm), number of tillers m -2 (343.3), effective tillers m -2 (319.0), panicle length (21.0 cm) and straw yield (4904.3 kg ha -1 ) were maximum in improved practice against the farmers’ practice, except test weight (24.7 g). Improved practices resulted in higher gross returns (Rs. 1, 10, 890 ha -1 ), net returns (Rs. 61,675 ha -1 ) and B: C ratio (1:2.3) than the farmer’s practice.


INTRODUCTION
Rice (Oryza sativa L.) crop plays a key role for food security of Telangana as well as the country. In India, rice occupies an area of 43.78 m ha with a total production of 118.43 mt and an average productivity of 2705.0 kg ha -1 . In Telangana, rice is cultivated in an area of 3.2 m ha with a production of 11.9 mt and a productivity 3700.0 kg ha -1 and in Nalgonda district the total area, production and productivity worked out to be 2.8 lakh ha, 9.6 lakh tonnes and 3440 kg ha -1 , respectively (Anonymous, 2020). The area under rice in Nalgonda district is nearly about 10 per cent of total area in Telangana where it is grown in Kharif and Rabi seasons. Mostly the farmers of this region cultivate long duration (150 -165 days), fine grain popular rice variety BPT-5204 and early duration fine grain private bred varieties like Ankur Puja, Chintu and bold grain early duration public bred variety MTU-1010 etc. which covers more than 95% of the rice grown area. As the area is under rice based cropping system, the crops grown during rabi season after rice face the problem of late sowing and the productivity of rabi field crops was affected by high temperatures coinciding with grain filling stage and summer showers received in March at harvesting. Moreover, the cultivated fine grain varieties are highly susceptible to biotic stresses like BPH and Blast. There is hardly any scope to replace the rice crop under Nagarjuna Sagar Project Ayacut Area. However, multiple cropping system using early duration rice varieties following intensive input management practices may enhance the land use efficiency and increase the production level if sowing of rabi crops are made in time (Khanda et al., 2005). Hence, there remains a scope to introduce early duration high yielding rice varieties in the existing rice-based cropping system in Nalgonda district.

Assessment of Frontline Demonstration on Rice Production in Telangana
The technological gap is thus the major problem in the efforts of increasing agricultural production in the country. A need of the day is to reduce the technological gap between the agricultural technology recommended by the scientist and its acceptance by the farmers on their field. Keeping in view the significance of transfer of technology the present investigation attempts to study the yield gaps between front line demonstration trials and farmers' yield, extent of technology adoption and benefit cost ratio.
Front line demonstrations (FLDs) on rice include recently released early maturing, high yielding, fine/bold grained, disease resistant varieties with integrated nutrient management (INM), integrated weed management (IWM) and integrated pest management (IPM) in farmers' field may be useful (Teekam et al., 2015). Early duration rice varieties RNR 15048 (fine grain) and KNM 118 (bold grain) have the potential grain yields of 7.0 to 7.5 t ha -1 and are suitable for both kharif and rabi seasons. These varieties mature in 120-125 days in both the seasons which helps to escape heavy rain fall at the time of harvesting i.e., November and March during kharif and rabi, respectively. The lack of improved high yielding varieties, prolonged dry spells, constant warm temperature and high moisture levels that encourage the prevalence of pest and diseases (Samant, 2017), delayed sowing, lack of quality seed, imbalanced fertilizer use and weeds are contributing to the low yields in farmer's fields (Zamir et al., 2014). As a result, there is a significant yield gap between farmer's yield and potential yield. Shortduration rice varieties are best suited for growing two or three crops per year (Bagchi et al., 2012), whereas recently developed short-duration cultivars have good grain quality, photo insensitive (Islam et al., 2016). These are more favourable to escape insect damage, non-lodging, sale the produce at a higher price due to early arrival in the market (Xu et al., 2018), reduce greenhouse gas emissions (Hasan, 2014) and escape drought (Ohno et al., 2018).
Professor Jayashankar Telangana State Agricultural University (PJTSAU) consistently conducted rigorous research in the field of crop improvement, released and notified new short duration rice varieties i.e., RNR 15048 and KNM 118 in 2015 and 2016, respectively. Telangana Sona (RNR-15048) is semi-tall (100 to 115 cm), with short duration (125 days), high yielding (6.5-7.0 t ha -1 ) with 10-15 ear bearing tillers and long panicle (24-25 cm) and short slender and super fine variety. It is resistant to blast and less BPH incidence, suitable for late sowing conditions. The variety has more than 67% of head rice recovery. Low Glycemic Index variety of 51.0 (Chandramohan et al., 2021). The rice culture, KNM 118 is a good alternate variety to mega rice variety, MTU 1010 as it exhibits high yield potential (7.0-8.0 t ha -1 ) with good test weight and is less prone to grain shattering and lodging at the time of harvest when compared to MTU 1010. It has plant height of 100-106 cm (semi-dwarf) and tolerance to leaf and neck blast and outperformed MTU 1010 in terms of yield, less grain shattering, lodging and disease resistance (Tamilazhaki et al., 2020). Hence, FLDs were planned to assess the performance of newly introduced rice varieties i.e., RNR 15048 and KNM 118 during three consecutive kharif seasons from 2017 to 2019 under real farm situations.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Kampasagar conducted FLDs on rice under irrigated conditions at the Nagarjunasagar left canal area using a cluster approach in three successive kharif seasons from 2017 to 2019. The scientists had gathered baseline data on the selected villages before conducting the cluster frontline demonstrations. Farmers were selected through focus groups, interaction meetings, awareness campaigns and field trips. To identify farmer's fields, soil samples were taken at a depth of one meter and analyzed. Each demonstration was taken up in one hectare area while, the nearby field was served as farmer's practice. The recommended practices include using the high yielding, short duration rice varieties viz., RNR 15048 and KNM 118, seed treatment with Carbendazim @ 1g lt -1 of water, seed rate @ 62.5 kg ha -1 , carbofuran 3G application @ 200 g cent -1 in rice nursery, recommended dose of fertilizer application (120:60:40 kg ha -1 ) in the main field and adopting needbased plant protection practices, such as formation of alleyways at the time of transplanting leaving 30 cm row at every 2 m, installation of pheromone traps @ 10 ha -1 at 25 days after transplanting to monitor the incidence of yellow stem borer, application carbofuran 3G @ 25 kg ha -1 to control yellow stem borer and leaf folder, spraying Pymetrozine @ 250 g ha -1 to control brown plant hopper and hexaconazole @ 1 L ha -1 for management of sheath blight in rice. Whereas, farmer's practices include traditional agricultural practices that have been adopted by farmers with MTU 1010 as local check. Farmers were advised to adhere to the improved package of practices suggested by KVK scientists in demonstration plots. To spread awareness of the technology among the local farmers, the KVK scientists arranged extension activities such as method demonstrations, farmerscientist interactions, training, routine field monitoring in collaboration with extension personnel from the Department of Agriculture. Data was collected from farmer's practices and demonstration plots and determined the percent gain or decrease in yield over the check by using standard formula. The observations on plant height, tillers, effective tillers, panicle height, test weight, straw yield and gross returns, net returns and benefit-cost ratio were recorded in improved and farmers' practice as per the standard method.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The study revealed that the grain yields were increased successively over the years in demonstration plots. The Per cent gain or decrease yield over the check (%) = Yield of Improved practice (kg ha -1 ) -Yield of farmer's practice (kg ha -1 ) Yield of farmer's practice (kg ha -1 )  100

Assessment of Frontline Demonstration on Rice Production in Telangana
maximum demonstration yield (6723.3 kg ha -1 ) was achieved during 2019-20, which was19.42% higher than the demonstration yields of 2017-18 (5630.0 kg ha -1 ). Over the three years, average grain yield in demonstration was 6314.4 kg ha -1 and the increase in yield was from 3.3-12.7 per cent with the mean of 8.3% (Table 1). The higher grain yields in demonstration plots were due to cultivation of high yielding short duration rice varieties viz., RNR 15048 and KNM 118 which were found better than the local variety MTU 1010, seed treatment to protect pests and diseases at the nursery stage, early transplantation of seedlings, soil test-based fertilizer application, application of pre and post-emergence herbicides immediately after transplanting and at 20 DAT and granular application of carbofuran 3G @ at 25 DAT, installation of pheromone traps, spraying pymetrozine to control Brown plant hopper and Hexconazole for managing sheath blight. This clearly indicated that the positive effects of front line demonstration over existing farmers practice towards the enhancement of yield of rice with its positive effects on yield attributing characters. Similar findings were found by Geeta et al. (2017) who reported that frontline demonstration with improved practices led to higher yields in rice. Sagar and Ganesh (2003) also observed higher yields in rice with high-yielding improved rice cultivars. Frontline demonstration on rice had a significant impact on grain yield with improved agro-technologies (Mubarak and Shakoor, 2019) and Jogender et al. (2021) also reported higher yields in frontline demonstrations over the farmer's practice in mungbean. The frontline demonstrations conducted on blackgram, greengram, chickpea, rajmash and lentil with improved varieties in Poonch District of Jammu Kashmir resulted in higher yields in demonstrations against local check varieties (Sanjeevkumar et al., 2019). All the growth and yield attributes had a significant increase under demonstration as compared to farmers practice ( Table 2). Average of three years indicated that plant height (85.3 cm), number of tillers (343.3 tillers m -2 ), effective tillers (319.0 tillers m -2 ), panicle length (21.0 cm) and straw yield (4904.3 kg ha -1 ) were high in improved practice than the farmer's practice with plant height (71.7 cm), tillers m -2 (300.0), effective tillers m -2 (239.0), panicle length (18.6 cm) and straw yield (4730.3 kg ha -1 ), respectively. The test weight was higher in farmers' practice (24.7 g per 1000 seeds) as compared to improved practice (21.6 g per 1000 seeds). The variations in climatic conditions that prevailed during the crop growth period may be observed in yield changes over successive years. Similar findings were reported by Samant (2015) in improved technology that recorded higher yields against farmer's practice. Specific interventions may have a stronger impact on boosting rice productivity depending on the farming condition (Mukherjee, 2003). The mean higher gross returns, net returns and B: C ratio were recorded in improved practice were Rs. 1,10,890.0 ha -1 , Rs. 61,765.0 ha -1 and 2.3, respectively than the farmer's practice Rs. 1,01,157.5 ha -1 , Rs. 47,150.0 ha -1 and 1.9, respectively (Table 1). This might be due to the adoption of recently released high yielding short duration rice varieties, soil test-based fertilizer application, timely transplanting and plant protection measures, regular field monitoring, diagnostic visits, contact phone calls with farmers and

Assessment of Frontline Demonstration on Rice Production in Telangana
farmer-scientist interaction meetings that reduced the cost of cultivation and gained higher net returns and high benefitcost ratio in demonstration plots over the control plots during the three years of study. The variation in net return and benefitcost ratio in the years of the study may be attributed to the variation in the price of agri inputs and produce as well. These findings were in agreement with that of Mandavkar et al. (2012) in rice. Similarly, Samant (2017); Verma et al. (2016) and Mitra et al. (2014) reported that FLDs on rice recorded maximum net returns with a high B: C ratio. Mubark and Shakoor (2019) also obtained maximum gross returns, net returns and B: C ratio in FLDs with improved technologies in rice. Madanmohan et al. (2021) and Jayalakshmi et al. (2021) observed higher gross returns, net returns and benefit-cost ratio in demonstrations as compared to farmer's practice.

CONCLUSION
The findings of the study revealed that wide yield gap existed in improved practice vs farmers' practice. By conducting front line demonstrations of proven technologies, yield potential of rice can be increased to a great extent. This will substantially increase the income as well as the livelihood of the farming community. Thus, under sustainable agricultural practices, FLD programmes are very effective in educating the farmers in adoption of improved technologies.