Assessing the Impact of Zinc and Boron Supplementation on Oats Grown under Red and Lateritic Soil of West Bengal

Background: Avena sativa L. (common oat) is the most important among the cultivated oat belongs to the Poaceae family and is known as Jai or Javi in Indian subcontinent. It is important winter forage in many parts of the world and is grown as multipurpose crop for grain, pasture, forage or as a rotation crop. Methods: A field experiment was conducted to study the effect of Zinc Sulphate and Borax on growth, yield components, yield and economics of oats seed production in red and lateritic soil of West Bengal during rabi seasons of 2015-16 and 2016-17 at agricultural farm, Institute of Agriculture, Visva-Bharati, Sriniketan, West Bengal. The experiment was laid out in Factorial Randomized Block Design having two factors each with four levels (Zinc Sulphate with 0, 15, 20 and 25 kg/ha as well as Borax with 0, 5, 10 and 15 kg/ha). Result: Pooled data over two years of experiments showed that soil application with Zinc Sulphate and Borax at various levels significantly influenced growth attributes (dry matter accumulation, leaf area index and crop growth rate), yield components (no. of panicles/m 2 , no. of filled grains/panicle and test weight), yield (seed yield, straw yield and biological yield) and economics of oats seed production. With increasing levels of ZnSO 4 application, highest number of panicles/m 2 (196.27), seed yield (3.00 t/ha), straw yield (6.94 t/ha) and biological yield (9.85 t/ha) were obtained at 25 kg/ha though these were at par with 20 kg ZnSO 4 /ha. Higher number of filled grains/panicle (76.47), test weight (29.93 g), seed yield (2.95 t/ha), straw yield (6.70 t/ha) and biological yield (9.63 t/ha) were found with application of borax @ 10 kg/ha. The highest gross return, net return and return per rupee investment was achieved with application of ZnSO 4 @ 20 kg/ha ( ` 1,17,257/ha, ` 68,997/ha and 2.65, respectively) which was significantly higher than both of 25 kg ZnSO 4 /ha ( ` 1,15,051/ha, ` 64,489/ha and 2.52, respectively) and 15 kg ZnSO 4 /ha ( ` 1,05,198/ha, ` 59,240 /ha and 2.44, respectively). Similarly, highest gross return, net return and return per rupee investment was obtained with application of borax @ 10 kg/ha ( ` 1,15,537/ha, ` 69,070/ha and 2.67, respectively). A significant interaction between Zinc Sulphate and borax was found towards seed yield, biological yield, gross return, net return and return per rupee investment in oats seed production. Use of ZnSO 4 at 20 kg/ha and borax at 10 kg/ha conjunctively achieved highest seed yield (3.28 t/ha), biological yield (10.81 t/ha), gross return ( ` 1, 27, 530/ha), net return ( ` 78,760/ha) and return per rupee investment ( ` 3.78) in oats seed production.


INTRODUCTION
Oats is the most important cereal fodder crop grown in winter in north western, central India and are now extending to the eastern region. Oat ranks sixth in world cereal production following wheat, maize, rice, barley and sorghum. Avena sativa L. (common oat) is the most important among the cultivated oat belongs to the Poaceae family and is known as Jai or Javi in Indian subcontinents. Before being used as a food, it was used for medicinal purposes. W ith the development in field of nutrition, oat was recognized as a healthy food in the mid 1980's signifying that a substance in it helped to prevent heart disease and therefore, it became more popular for human nutrition. The dietary fibre complex with its antioxidants and other phytochemicals is effective against cardiovascular disease and some types of cancer (Jacobs et al., 1998a(Jacobs et al., , 1998bSlavin et al., 2000;Thompson, 1994). It is also rich in dietary fiber, β-glucan, minerals and antioxidants which has been reported to benefit the relief of various disorders (Madhujith and Shahidi, 2007;Brindzova et al., 2008) such as cardiovascular disease (Berg et al., 2003), serum cholesterol (Chen et al., 2006), diabetes (Tapola et al., 2005) and obesity (Zdunczyk et al., 2006).
Oats have been viewed as a low input crop and has commonly cultivated in soil low in fertility. The progress of advanced agronomic practices with high market demand compelled the researchers for better nutrient management when growing oats. The sowing of oats is generally practised Assessing the Impact of Zinc and Boron Supplementation on Oats Grown under Red and Lateritic Soil of West Bengal without addition of fertilizers and its nutrition is dependent on the residual fertilizer from previous crops. This may result to a decrease in fodder production and its nutritional value that causes nutritional deficiencies in animals fed exclusively with such forage. Moreover, the inadequate availability of zinc (Zn) and boron (B) in the soil may limit the development of crops and also affect forage plants. These minerals are required for the basic processes of plant life. Zinc helps in the synthesis of tryptophan and is required for plant growth, nitrogen metabolism, starch and chlorophyll synthesis and ATPase activity (Malta et al., 2002). Boron is essential for maintaining the integrity of cell membrane, cell wall synthesis and lignification (Goldbach et al., 2001). Thus, disproportion of these minerals can cause nutritional imbalances and that of subsequent effect on dry matter production. Very limited findings are known about the effect of applying these micronutrients on production and nutritional value of oats. Thus present experiment was attempted to study the effect of zinc sulphate and borax on growth, yield components, seed yield and economics of oats.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
The experiment was conducted at Agricultural Farm, Palli Siksha Bhavana (Institute of Agriculture), Visva-Bharati, Sriniketan, West Bengal in red and lateritic soil during rabi season of 2015-16 and 2016-17. The fodder crop, var. JHO-822, a multi-cut fodder variety was grown following recommended package of practices having a net plot size of 4 m  3 m. Seeds were sown on 7 th December, 2015 and 27 th November, 2016 and harvested on 10 th April, 2016 and 1 st April, 2017, respectively. The experimental site was situated at 2339N latitude and 8742E longitude with an average altitude of 58.90 m above mean sea level in subhumid, semi-arid, subtropical lateritic belt of West Bengal with hot summer and moderately cold and short winter. The total rainfall received during the crop season was 54.3 mm, which was sporadic. The soil of the experimental site was slightly acidic (pH 5.98), sandy loam texture with low level organic carbon content (0.39%), medium in nitrogen (189.26 kg/ha), low in phosphorus (32.64 kg/ha) and medium in potassium (151.25 kg/ha) contents. The exp erimen t, co nsisting of two factors suc h as soil application of zinc sulphate at 04 levels (0, 15, 20 and 25 kg/ha) and borax at 04 levels (0, 5, 10 and 15 kg/ha) having 16 treatment combinations, was laid out in Factorial Randomized Block Design (FRBD) with each treatment replicated thric e. Observatio ns on different growth parameters were record ed at regular interval. The experimental data of two years of observations were pooled over and statistically analyzed by using software SAS version 3.0.

Growth attributes
Soil application of ZnSO 4 and borax had significant influence on growth attributes of oats (viz. plant height, number of tillers/plant, dry matter accumulation, leaf area index and crop growth rate) at different growth stages under study as evidenced from pooled data over two years of field experiments (Table 1, 2). Application of ZnSO 4 @ 25 kg/ha showed highest plant height (150.27 cm) and dry matter accumulation (744.35 g/m 2 ) at 90 DAS, number of tillers/ plant (8.88) and leaf area index (4.0) at 60 DAS and crop growth rate (19.17 g/m 2 /day) during 45-60 DAS. However, these were statistically at par with 20 kg zinc sulphate/ha. These findings were in accordance with the results reported by Tiwari et al. (1990), Arora and Singh (2004) and Joshi et al. (2007).
Similarly, application of Borax at 15 kg/ha produced hig hest p lant h eight (151.24 cm) and d ry matter accumulation (748.88 g/m 2 ) at 90 DAS, number of tillers/ plant (8.83) and leaf area index (4.10) at 60 DAS and crop growth rate (19.04 g/ m 2 /day) at 45-60 DAS though these were at par with borax @ 10 kg/ha. Conjunctive use of ZnSO 4 and borax had no significant interaction on various growth attributes of oats except dry matter accumulation at 45 DAS, leaf area index at 30 DAS and crop growth rate during 30-45 DAS. These results were in agreement with the findings of Wrobel et al (2006), Josji et al. (2007) and Khanday et al. (2009).

Yield components and yield
A significant response was found among various levels of ZnSO 4 and borax application towards yield components, yield and harvest index of oats (Table 3). With increasing levels of ZnSO 4 application, highest number of panicles/m 2 (196.27), seed yield (3.00 t/ha), straw yield (6.94 t/ha) and biological yield (9.85 t/ha) were obtained at 25 kg/ha though these were at par with 20 kg ZnSO 4 /ha. However, higher number of filled grains/panicles (77.07) and test weight (30.06g) were found at 20 kg/ha of ZnSO 4 application. Highest number of panicles/ m 2 (198.30) was observed with application of borax @15 kg/ ha though this was similar with 10 kg borax/ha. Higher number of filled grains/panicle (76.47), test weight (29.93 g), seed yield (2.95 t/ha), straw yield (6.70 t/ha) and biological yield (9.63 t/ha) were obtained with application of borax @ 10 kg/ ha. The findings were in accordance with the study reported by Hazra and Sinha (1996) and Khanday et al. (2009). No significant interaction was found between ZnSO 4 and borax on yield components of oats.
A significant interaction between ZnSO 4 and borax was found on seed yield and biological yield of oats (Table 4). Combined application of ZnSO 4 @ 20 kg/ha and borax @ 10 kg/ha produced highest seed yield (3.28 t/ha) and biological yield (10.81 t/ha) of oats. Significant response of micronutrients like zinc and boron to yield components, seed yield and straw yield of oats was also mentioned by Tiwari et al. (1990), Ziaeian and Malakouti (2001), Wrobel et al (2006) and Khanday et al. (2009).

Economics
In oats seed production, application of various levels of ZnSO 4 and borax had significant effect on gross return, net

Assessing the Impact of Zinc and Boron Supplementation on Oats Grown under Red and Lateritic Soil of West Bengal
return and return per rupee investment (Table 3). The highest gross return, net return and return per rupee investment was achieved with application of ZnSO 4 @ 20 kg/ha (`1,17,257/ha, `68,997/ha and 2.65, respectively) which was significantly higher than both of 25 kg ZnSO 4 /ha (`1,15,051/ha, `64,489/ha and 2.52, respectively) and 15 kg ZnSO 4 /ha (`1,05,198/ha `59,240/ha and 2.44, respectively). Similarly, highest gross return, net return and return per rupees investment was obtained with application of borax @ 10 kg/ha (`1,15,537/ha, `69,070/ha and 2.67, respectively). However, this was statistically at par with borax @ 15 kg/ha (`1, 14,576/ha, `67,089/ha and 2.63, respectively). A significant interaction was found between zinc sulphate and borax on economics of oats seed production (Table 5). Conjunctive use of ZnSO 4 @ 20 kg/ha along with borax @ 10 kg/ha in oats showed highest gross